Home 

       Classification    Between   Sodo  ,  Muher  and  Dobbi .

In this article I intended to classify the morphological relation between Soddo , Muher and Dobbi .

1.  Copula : -  The  Copulas ( verb of identities ) such as ' he is , she is ... '  are of the same forms far all SMD , except for 3d fem . Sg . ' she is ' , for which Muher has - ya , where as Soddo and Dobbi have - na .  

Singular form

Plural form

In the structure  ' it is mine ' and soon an element - tt- is placed between the copula and the pronoun  ( subject) in all Soddo , Muher and Dobbi .

Sodo                                           Muher                        Dobbi

ädi - tt(∂) näw                   anä -tt-(∂) nx                 anä -tt-(∂) nähu

     The past copula ' he was not ' is expressed by banno both in Dobbi and Muher , whereas in Soddo , it is expressed by näbbärä .  

Plural form  

The negation of the past copula  ' he was not ' is expressed by an - näbärä , which is the same for all Soddo , Muher and Dobbi .

     The future verb of identity ( copula ) ' he will be ' and so on is expressed by the imperfect of the verb konä ' become , be ' both in Dobbi and Soddo , and xänä in Muher .  

Plural  

2.     Verb of existence : the verb of existence  persence   ' there is / are ' is expressed by y∂no in Soddo and Dobbi , in Muher it is expressed by näno.

Sg                  So                                   Mu                       Do

1st                 y∂nähi                            nänx^wi                     y∂näh^wi

2d masc        y∂näh∂mun                   nänx∂mut             y∂näh∂mun

2d fem         y∂näh∂man                   nänx∂mat                y∂näh∂man

3d masc       y∂nämun                        nänmut                   y∂nämun

3d fem          y∂näman                         nänmat                   y∂näman

-         Note the labialization of h in Dobbi ,unlike Soddo , in the 1st . Sg .

The negative of the verb of existence  ' there is not ' is expressed by yennä in  Muher which aprees with ennäin Dobbi . In Soddo it is expressed by yällä .

Sg                  So                                   Mu                       Do

1st                 yälläw                            yennäxu              ennähu

2d masc        yällähä                           yennäxä               ennähä

2d fem         yälläš                               yennänx'               ennähä

3d masc       yällä                                yennä                     ennä

3d fem       yällätt                               yennäčč                 ennätt

Pl -

1st                  yällänä                      yennänä                         ennänä

2d masc        yälläh∂m                    yennäx∂m^w                 ennäh∂m^w

2d fem            yälläh∂ma                yennäx∂ma                   ennäx∂ma

3d masc          yäll∂m                          enn∂m^w                      enn∂m^w

3d fem        yäll∂ma                          yenn∂ma                      enn∂ma

     The verb of existance in the past ' there was ' is expressed by banno both in Muher and Dobbi , where as in Soddo it is expressed by näbbärä . They are of the same conjugation with the past verb of identity ( copula ).

3. Verb of possession : the verb of possession  ' he has ' is expressed by y∂nän∂t both in Dobbi and Soddo , where as in Muher it is expressed by nänänn∂t.

 Sg                  So                                   Mu                       Do

1st                 y∂new                            nänew                   y∂new

2d masc        y∂nänäho                     nänännaxo            y∂nännho         

2d fem         y∂nän∂šu                      nänännax'u            y∂nänn∂šu  

3d masc         y∂nän∂t                       nänänn∂t                 y∂nänn∂t

3d fem          y∂nänat                         nänännat                 y∂nännat

Pl -

1st                 y∂näno                        nänäno                           y∂nänno

2d masc        y∂nänäh∂mun            nänännax∂mum            y∂nänn∂h∂mun         

2d fem         y∂näh∂man                nänännax∂mam            y∂nänn∂h∂man  

3d masc         y∂nänämum               nänännämut                 y∂nänn∂mun

3d fem          y∂nänäman                   nänännämat                 y∂nänn∂man

     The negative verb of possession ' he has not ' is expressed by yällän in Soddo , whereas ennän both in Dobbi and Muher .

Sg                  So                                Mu                           Do

1st                 yällähä                      ennew                    ennew

2d masc        yällähä                      ennännaxä             ennänähä         

2d fem         yällän∂š                      ennännax'              ennän∂š  

3d masc         yällän                       ennänn                     ennän

3d fem          yälläna                    ennänna                  ennänna

Pl -

Sg                  So                                Mu                           Do

1st                 yällänä                      ennännä                       ennänä

2d masc        yällän∂h∂m                ennännax∂m^w           ennänh∂m^w         

2d fem         yällän∂h∂ma                ennännax∂ma           ennänh∂ma  

3d masc        yällänäma                     ennännäm^w              ennän∂m^w

3d fem          yällänäma                     ennännäma               ennänma

The past possession  ' he had ' , in Muher and Dobbi , is expressed by bannän∂t ', where as in Soddo it is expressed by näbbäränn

Sg                  So                                Mu                           Do

1st                 näbbäre                      bannew                    bannew

2d masc        näbbäränähä               bannännaxo               bannänn∂ho         

2d fem         näbbärän∂š               bannännax'u               bannänn∂šu         

3d masc      näbbärän                     bannänn∂t               bannänn∂t

3d fem     näbbäränna                     bannännat               bannännat

Pl -

1st                 näbbäränä                     bannänno                    bannänno

2d masc        näbbäräh∂m            bannännax∂mut             bannännah∂mun         

2d fem          näbbäräh∂m            bannännax∂mat             bannännah∂mun       

3d masc        näbbäränäm              bannännämut               bannänn∂mun

3d fem     näbbäränäma                  bannännämat               bannänn∂man

     The negation of the past verb of possession  ' he had not ' is expressed by alnäbärä in Soddo , where as Muher and Dobbi have the same form annäbärä .

Sg                  So                                Mu                           Do

1st                                                 annäbäre                    annäbäre

2d masc                                      annäbärännaxä             annäbäränäš        

2d fem                                       annäbärännax'i                annäbäränäš

3d masc                                       annäbäränn                    annäbärän            

3d fem                                         annäbäränna                annäbäräna

Pl -

1st                                          annäbäränä                         annäbäränä

2d masc                               annäbärännax∂m^w          annäbäränäx∂ma         

2d fem                                annäbärännax∂ma        annäbäränäx∂m^w                

3d masc                               annäbärännäm^w                  annäbäränäm

3d fem                               annäbärännäma                   annäbäränäm^w        

-         Possession in the futrure  ' he will have ' is expressed by y∂näbr∂t in all Soddo , Muher and Dobbi .

Sg                  So                                   Mu                       Do

1st                 y∂näbrew                  y∂näbrew                y∂näbrew 

2d masc        y∂näbr∂ho                  y∂änäbr∂xo            y∂näbr∂hu         

2d fem         y∂näbr∂š∂n                  y∂näbr∂x'u            y∂näbr∂šu  

3d masc         y∂näbr∂t                   y∂näw∂rr∂t*             y∂näbr∂t

3d fem          y∂näbrat                        y∂näbrat                y∂näbrat

Pl -

1st                 y∂näbräno                  y∂näbräno           y∂näbräno 

2d masc        y∂näbr∂h∂mun         y∂näbr∂x∂mut            y∂näbr∂h∂mun         

2d fem         y∂näbr∂h∂man         y∂näbr∂x∂mat            y∂näbr∂h∂man

3d masc       y∂näbrämun              y∂näbrrämut                y∂näbrämun

3d fem          y∂näbräman              y∂näbrrämat                y∂näbräman

*  Note that in the 3d , masc . Sg . b changes to w in Muher while geminating the last radical .

The negation of the verb of possession in the future ' he will not have ' is expressed by tinäb∂rr in Soddo ,while  in Dobbi and Muher it is expressed by enäb∂r.

Pl -

1st                 tinäbränä                  enäbränä                enäbränä 

2d masc        tinäbr∂h∂m         enänäbr∂x∂m^w            enäbr∂h∂mun         

2d fem         tinäbr∂h∂ma         enäbr∂x∂ma                enäbr∂h∂man

3d masc       tinäb∂rräm              enänäbr∂m^w              enäbr∂mun

3d fem          tinäb∂rräma             enäb∂räma                enäbr∂äman

4.  Article : Soddo and Dobbi have definite article - i , where as in Muher defitness is expressed by - we

          Gender : the dialects under discussion have no gender markers . However , these dialects use noun qualifiers ∂ns∂t/an∂st  and täbät distination for feminine and masculine respectiviley . . Muher also uses w∂r for  masculine .

5.  Number : Dobbi and Soddo express plurality by repeting the last radical. Soddo has also - očč . Muher has no plural marker . Inspite of these differences all the dialects under disucussion have common way of expressing plurality for  few noun , i.e by internal plural .

                  So                                   Mu                       Do

Sg -              goš ' boy '                      g^yäräd ' girl '     gärad ' girl '

      Pl -        agušt  ' boys '                     *  gred ' girls '     gred ' girls '

6        Personal pronoun : in peresonal pronoun both Dobbi and Muher can be placed together , where as Soddo stands alone .

 *  In semetic languages we find no word having cluster of consonant atthe word initial , how  ever, if the second radical in a word is r , then cluster of consonants will occur .

Sg         Soddo                   Muher                      Dobbi

  1st              ädi                        anä                       anä 

2d masc       dähä                      axä                       aha                

2d fem         däš                          ax'                        aš                

3d masc        k^wa                      x^wa                       x^wa     

3d fem          kiya                      x'a                        kiya  

Pl -                

1st                 ∂ňňa             ∂ňňa                     ∂ňňa                

2d masc        däh∂m        ax∂m^w                     ah∂m^w      

2d fem         däh∂ma        ax∂ma                     ah∂ma

3d masc       k∂nnäm        x∂nnäm^w                   k∂nnäm^w

3d fem          k∂nnäma        x∂nnäma               k∂nnäma

     In the preceding full paradigm of personal pronoun Soddo has different forms from Dobbi and Muher in 1st . Sg and  2d Pl . and Sg .

7.  Possessive pronoun : as to the possessive pronouns Dobbi and Muher are placed together and Soddo stands alone .

Sg -                 So             Mu                       Do

1st                 ∂ddi             äňňa                     äňňa                 

2d masc          dä                axä                      ahä     

2d fem           däš                 ax'                      aš

3d masc       äw/h^wan         kuta                      huta

3d fem          ki                 xita                       hita

Pl -                

1st                 ∂ňňa             ∂ňňa                        ∂ňňa                

2d masc        däh∂m        ax∂ma                     ah∂ma      

2d fem         däh∂ma        ax∂m^w                     ah∂m^w

3d masc       k∂nnäm        x∂nnäm^w                k∂nnäm^w

3d fem          k∂nnäma        x∂nnäma                   k∂nnäma

     From the above full paradigm , Soddo  has the same form with that of Muher and Dobbi  only in 3d Pl .  masc and fem .

-         The possessive prefix ' of ' is in all Dobbi , Muher and Soddo is expressed by yä .

-         The form ' own ' expressing possession is expressed by ras / gäza both in Dobbi and Soddo , and by gäg in Muher .

8.     Prepesitional suffix pronoun : In the Adverse and Benefactive pronouns ,Muher and Dobbi are placed together , while Soddo stands alone only in benefactive pronoun .

                            ( 1 )  Adverse

     Sg -                     So                        Mu                   Do

1st                      bi                            bi                    bi               

2d fem                bä                           bx'                 bši     

2d masc               ba                         ba                   ba

3d masc               wo                       wo                  wo

Pl -

1st                 bnä                      bnä                    bnä              

2d   fem      bk∂mam               bx∂ma               bk∂ma

2d masc      bk∂mum               bx∂mu               bk∂mu

3d fem       bämam                  bäma                  bäma

3d masc     bämum                   bämu                bämu

                            ( 2 )  Benefactive

Sg -                     So                              Mu                   Do

1st                 li                                ni                       ni               

2d masc          lkä                              nxä                  nkä     

2d fem          lš                          nx'i                        nši

3d masc        lä                           no                          no

3d fem         la                            na                          na

Pl -

1st                 l∂nä                      n∂nä                    n∂nä              

2d  masc     lk∂mum               nx∂mu               nk∂mu

2d fem        lk∂mam                 nx∂ma                 nk∂ma

3d masc       lämu                     nämu                    nämu

3d fem         läma                      näma                    näma

9.     Reciprocal pronoun : the form  ' each other or one another  is expressed , in these dialects , by repeting the plural independent personal pronouns , they being combined by an element bä .

10.  Demonstrative pronouns : the form ' that , this ' and so on have the same forms in these dialects . For farness they use the form za  ' that , those ' and for nearness they use zi ' this , these '

-         In the definite demonstrative pronouns marker such as ' that one , this one ' etc Muher and Dobbi use the definite marker - we

-         where as Soddo use an element - ni

-         ( for singular ) and - nočč ( for plural ) .

            So                         Mu                                Do

Sg -  Zi - ni  ' this one '     Zi-we ' this one '        Zi-we ' this one '

Pl -  Zi - nočč ' these ones '  Zi-we ' these ones '  Zi - we ' these ones '

11. The Emphatic pronoun ' he himself ' is expressed in Dobbi and Soddo by an element (ä) ras - prefixed to possessive pronoun , where as in Muher it is expressed by gäg ' body ' - prefixed to possessive pronouns .

So                                    Mu                                D

(ä) ras - ∂ddi         gäg- äňňa             (ä) ras - äňňa  

      ' I-myself '      ' I - myself '          ' I - myself '

12.  Verb  : The verbs of Soddo , Muher and Dobbi are uniradical , biradical , triradical , Quadriradical and composite .

In  all these dialects most of the triradicals and biradicals are of type A,B and C .

12.1   Tri - radicals : Type A - perfect . In these dialects under discussion , type A is characterized by the non gemination of the 2d radical except in the perfect form . In all these dialects the perfective ends with - m .

 Sg -                   So                         Mu                      D

1st              märrärkum               wärräsxum           läggädkum

2d  masc     märrärkum               wärräsxäm           läggädkäm

2d fem        märrärš∂m               wärräsx'im           läggädšim

3d masc       märrrärm               wärräsäm                läggädäm

3d fem          märrärätt∂m          wärräsäčč∂m         läggädätt∂m

Pl -

1st              märrärnäm               wärräsnäm           läggädnäm

2d  masc     märräk∂mum      wärräsx∂mum        läggädk∂mum

2d fem        märräräk∂mam      wärräsx∂mam        läggädk∂mam

3d masc       märrärmum         wärräsmum              läggädmum

3d fem          märrärmam       wärräsmam               läggädmam

Imperfect - The  2d . fem . Sg . in the imperfet has the suffix - in  Soddo and Dobbi , while in Muher it is - it .

Sg -            So                             Mu                     Do

2d fem        t∂merrin                t∂wäršit            t∂legğin

-         In Soddo , Muher and Dobbi , in the 2d fem . Sg . if the last radical is subject  to prepalatalization , it is prepalatized . Howerver , at the same time the vowel between the 1^st and 2^d radical becomes fronted (e) both only in Soddo and Dobbi .

Sg -               So                  Mu                      Do

2d fem      t∂merrin         t∂wäršit          t∂legğin

- From the above examples under Soddo in the imperfect t∂merrin the last radical  (from mrr) is not subject to prepalatalization and thus only the vowel      

ä  becomes fronted . Under Muher the imperfect  t∂wäršit (from wrs) the last radical is subject to preoalatalizatoib, and it becomes prepalatalized , but the vowel remains preserved , under Dobbi in the imperfect t∂legğin ( from lgd) the last radical is subject to prepalatalization and , became prepalatalized at the same time the vowel  between the 2d and last radical becomes fronted.

Jussive - All Soddo , Muher and Dobbi have c₁ c₂ ∂c₃ and    c₁ c₂ ä c₃ jussive forms . However , the occurances of these two jussive forms differ in the three dialects under discussion .

          In Soddo c₁ c₂ ä c₃  occurs in verbs where the jussive prefix ends with the vowel ∂ . In this case the jussive prefixes of the 1st Pl . and 3d . Sg .fem - (∂nn∂ and t∂ - respectively) ends with the vowel ∂ . And  c₁ c₂ ∂c₂  occurs where the jussive prefix ends with vowel ä . In this case the jussive prefixes of 3dSg . fem , 1st . Sg , and 3 . Pl . masc and fem . ( nä, yä, yä respectively ) .end with the vowel ä . The forms are :

Sg  1st              näwr∂d              

 3d  fem         t∂wräd

3d masc        yäwr∂d     

     1st              ∂nn∂wräd             

3d  fem     yäwr∂dma

3d masc      yäwr∂d∂m

In Muher    c₁ c₂ ä c₃ occurs in the intransitive verbs , and c₁ c₂ ∂c₃ occurs in the transitive verbs . The forms are :

      c₁ c₂ ä c₃                                       c₁ c₂ ∂c₃

Sg 

1st n∂mrär                                                 Sg     n∂wr∂

3d  fem     t∂mrär                                         y∂r∂sma

3d masc    yämrär                                   y∂wr∂s∂snä

Pl -

1st n∂mrärnä                                                  Pl -    n∂wr∂snä

3d  fem        yämrärma                                        y∂wr∂sma

3d masc        yämrär∂^wm                                   y∂wr∂s∂s∂^wm

In Dobbi  c₁ c₂ ä c₃ occurs in verbs with 1st radical w, and c₁ c₂ ∂c₃  occurs in other verbs .

      c₁ c₂ ä c₃                                       c₁ c₂ ∂c₃

Sg - 1st  n∂wräd                                      Sg     n∂lg∂d

        3d  fem     t∂wräd                                    t∂lg∂d

        3d masc     yäwräd                                   yälg∂d

Pl -

1st    n∂wrädnä                                             Pl -    n∂lg∂dnä

3d  masc        yäwrädnä                                  yälg∂d∂m^w

3d fem        yäwrädma                                    yälg∂dma

Imperative - In Soddo and Dobbi the imperative has c₁ c₂ ä c₃ pattern , while the 2d . fem . Sg - has a fronted vowel (e) , and the last radical , if it can be prepalatalized , becomes prepalatalized .

In Muher the pattern of Imperative is the same as in the jussive , i.e , if the verb is transitive , it has c₁ c₂ ∂c₃ and if it is intransitive , it has c₁ c₂ ä c₃  patterns.

As in Soddo and Dobbi , the 2d fem . Sg in Muher prepalatalizes the last radical . However , the vowel does not become fronted Muher e.

                   Soddo                    Dobbi   c₁ c₂ ∂c₃   c₁ c₂ ä c₃                                      

Sg 2d masc               w∂räd                  l∂gäd         w∂rs             n∂räd

2d fem                    w∂reǰ                  l∂geǰ         w∂rš             w∂räš   

Pl . 2d masc        w∂räd∂m              l∂gäd∂m^w    w∂rs∂m^w    w∂räd∂m^w   

2d fem               w∂rädma                 l∂gädma      w∂rs∂ma   w∂rädma   

     Infinitive / verbal noun in . In all the dialects under discussion an infinitve is formed by the prefix wä - Thus.

So                           Mu                         D

wät'r∂g                  wäwr∂s                wägf∂r

Type B - In these dialects type B is characterized by the gemination of the 2d radical in all the verb forms . The prefixes and suffixes of the various verb forms are the same as those of type A.

                                So                           Mu                         Do

perfect                   mirräk'äm                kämmäräm         gebbäräm

imperfect             y∂mirr∂k'u           y∂kämm∂ru            y∂gebbru

Jussive                  yämärr∂k'u         yäkämm∂ru            yägäbb∂r

Imperative              märr∂k'                  kämm∂r                gäbb∂r

infinitive               wämärr∂k'             wäkämm∂r          wägäbb∂r

- Note that the jussive has  c₁ ä c₂ c₂    ∂c₃  patter in all these dialects in type B .

- The Imperative has c₁ ä c₂  c₂  c₂    ∂c₃  pattern in these dialects except in 2d fem . Sg . in Dobbi and Soddo . In Soddo 2d fem - Sg - has c₁ e c₂ c₂     ic₃ pattern and Dobbi has c₁ ä c₂  c₂    ic₃ pattern. In these dialects if the last radical can be prepalataized , it becames perpalatalized .

Type C . In these dialects type C is characterized by the gemination of the 2d radical only in perfect and imperfect form. The suffixes and the prefixes in various verb forms are the same with those of type Aand /orB. 

                  So                             Mu                                 Do

Perfect         tarräkkäm            barräxxäm               tatt'äbäm

Imperfect       y∂tarräk'u           y∂barr∂xu                  y∂tatt'äbu

Jussive          yätaräk'                  yäbarx                        tat'äb

Imperative     taräk'                       barx                           tat'äb

Infinitive       wätaräk'                wäbarx                      wätatt'∂b

          Note that in type C Dobbi and Soddo have c₁ ä c₂  c₃    Jussive pattern , where as Muher has c₁ a c₂  c₃  jussive   pattern.

          The imperative has the same pattern as that of the jussive except that in Dobbi and Soddo the 2d fem . Sg . has the fronted vowel -e  after 2d radical . In all cases the last radical becomes prepalatalized if it can be prepalatalized .

          12.2    Gender in the verb : - All the verb forms , that is , perfect , imperfect , Jussive , imperative make a  distinction between masculine and feminine in the 2d and 3d persons, plural in Dobbi , Soddo and Muher .

2d               Soddo                            Muher                         Dobbi

Perfect       k∂mum (masc.)        -   x∂mum                       - k∂mum

                  k∂mam (masc.)         -   x∂mam                       - k∂mam

Imperfect    mum (masc.)             -   mut                             - mun

                   mam (masc.)              -   mat                             - man

Imperative     ∂m (masc.)     -   ∂m^w                        - ∂m^w

                      ∂m (fem)         -   ma                             - ma

3d

Perfect       mum (masc.)         -   mum                     - mum

                  mam (fem)               -   mam                     - mam

Imperfect    mum (masc.)          -   mut                        - mun

                   mam (masc.)          -   mat                          - man

Jussive      ∂m (masc.)               -   ∂m^w                        - ∂m^w

                 ma (fem)                     -   ma                         - ma

Perfect :  In Soddo , Muher and Dobbi the perfect ends with an element suffix - m.

          The suffix of the 3d  Sg . fem . is . tt∂m both in Dobbi and Soddo , where as in Muher it is - čč∂m.

Imperfect : The suffix of the 2d fem . Sg . , in Dobbi and Muher , is - in where as in Muher it is - it .

          The suffix of the 1st . Pl . in Muher and Dobbi is - no , while - u is in Soddo .

          The prefix of the 1st Pl . in Muher and Dobbi is n∂ - , where as in Soddo it is ∂nn∂ - .

Jussive : The prefix of the 1st . Pl . in Muher and Dobbi is n∂- , while nä - is in Soddo .

          The suffix of the 1st - Pl - in Dobbi and Muher is nä , where as Soddo has zero .

          12.3    Biradicals :- All Dobbi , Muher and Soddo have biradical verbs . And these verbs have type A , B , and C and other special class .

          Muher and Dobbi share the same biradical verbs than Soddo does . Muher and Soddo share special biradical verbs such as class ' bännam' , class ' s∂ram ' class ' beäm' , žoaräm ' and others which Soddo does not .

          In special triradical verbs Muher and Dobbi share class  ' messeäm' class  ' čäkkeäm ' with the forms of their derived stems , but Soddo  does not have such a special triradical verbs .

Uniradicals

          All Dobbi , Muher and Soddo have uniradical verbs . Soddo and Dobbi have only šäm , Muher has only šäm and čäm

Dobbi                         Muher                    Soddo

šäm                              šäm                         šäm

                                    čäm

          12.4    Quadriradical :- This class has two types in Dobbi :

type one  :  ä after the second radical

type two :   a after the second radical

          In Soddo and Muher it has one type : ä ater the 2d radical . Thus ,  

          12.5     Composite Verbs :- These verbs  consists of the verb baläm ' say ' in Soddo , where as in Muher and Dobbi it consists of the verb beäm  ' say ' . Thus ,

          12.6   Derived Stems :- Dobbi , Muher and Soddo have various stems derived from the basic stem .Reduplicative stem : The forms ( structure ) of reduplicative stem are the same in the three dialects .

              Sodo                        Muher                        Dobbi

             s∂bäbbäräm           l∂gäggädäm                 k∂fäffätäm

-         tä - stem - This stem is the same in the three dialects .

           Sodo                        Muher                           Dobbi

           tägäddäläm               tä?ätt'am                        täsäbbäräm

-         In all these dialects three are verbs that do not have basic stem and their meanings are expressed by ta - stem .

Sodo                         muher                       Dobbi

tägm^wammät'äm         tägaddeäm             täse'äm